Essays on Geology

Introduction So far this century there have been more than 1,100 fatal earthquake causing a total loss of life exceeding 1. 53 million people. Reducing the loss of life is the primary protection strategies, and yet the processes that contribute to death tolls and the…

Global Warming is a slow increase in the Earth’s temperature also called climate change, and because of global warming, our planet is being affected in many ways. The studies of volcanic-tectonic plates are causing our planet to plunge by putting deadly gases into our everyday…

The tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the basin and its paleoenvironments created the different petroleum systems known in the Lusitanian basin. The source rocks, the reservoirs, the maturation phases, the traps and its processes show direct relations to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution in Lusitanian…

Geology is within us, from the moment we closed the door and step on the road filled with sand and rocks, to the various minerals we unknowingly utilize in our everyday life. It has no doubt that our standard of living is entirely dependent to…

Nearly 4,000 kilometers off of California’s coast, the big island of Hawai’i is home to Mauna Kea- a dormant volcano that is the second-highest point above sea level. To Native Hawaiians, the mountain is a sacred place, as, in ancient times, it was thought to…

An earthquake is when two parts of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip past one is called fault or fault plane. The spot below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly…

The chemical formula of gypsum corresponds exactly to the chemical formula of selenite. In fact , selenite is a crystalline form of gypsum , and not the most beautiful. Favorite collectors of “roses of the desert” are also crystals of gypsum, the clusters of which…

Although vegetation cover is only one of many parameters that can be monitored and used for grassland management in Iran, vegetation cover is the most frequently used indicator in remote sensing to measure grassland production and level of pasture degradation (Li et al., 2010; Cui…

Understanding soil properties, and how they relate to soil quality and best management practices is important in tropical areas, particularly those areas with high climate variation. The aim of this study was to measure various soil properties at the surface and within a 1m profile…

It was successfully synthesized zeolite X from fly ash produced by combustion of lignite coal in “Maritsa Iztok 2” TPP using a two-stage process – fusion with sodium hydroxide followed by hydrothermal treatment at room temperature. By decreasing the amount of NaOH, crystallization of zeolite…