Essays on Human Physiology

Introduction As Neil Armstrong once said “Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man’s desire to understand”. The great unknown of space travel has intrigued and captivated people for generations and in recent years’ development in technologies have allowed more and more exploration…

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Classical conditioning was discovered by a famous Russian physiologist named Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. After finishing his doctorate degree Ivan Pavlov traveled to Germany to study in Leipzig with Carl Lidwig in Breslau. While in Germany he studied the digestive tract of dogs…

People have a tendency to become extremely motivated in the pursuit of seeking out revenge on others for various reasons – from something mediocre to an extreme. Revenge is the forceful desire to inflict hurt or harm to another for a wrong suffered at their…

The self has become the subject of different philosopher to be able to understand one self. According to Sigmund Freud, the mind is consists of three levels which are the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious mind. It is stated that the conscious mind is consists…

Proportion of population who have adult obesity increases over last decades in both US and Australia. Obesity increases the risk of have metabolic syndrome which includes cardiovascular disease, heart disease, stroke etc. which is detrimental to various systems of body. Maternal obesity during pregnancy not…

Circadian rhythms are very important for animal activity anticipated during the day and night. It is regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and can be changed by environmental cues to induce changes on expressions of clock genes such as Clock, Bmal1, Per1, 2, 3 & Cry1,…

The oldest woman in Australia who gave birth to a baby naturally was when she was 51years old and a 62 years old Tasmanian woman became the oldest mother in Australia after conceived via In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). An Indian woman conceived via IVF and…

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important neuronal regulator that facilitates growth and specialization of new neurons and synapses. It is part of a larger molecular family, called neurotrophins, sharing characteristics with the nerve-growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4). Similarly…

The adult cardiovascular physiology is well known to clinical science, the vascular and cardiac response to different type of drugs is well defined. Outcomes in the short and long term have been extensively researched as well as the response of the body in the presence…

Light has always been a predominant element in the activities of mankind. Numerous efforts have been made to design buildings that use a great percentage of natural light, in both the developed and the developing countries. Enormous amounts of money, which almost surpasses the cost…